35-58, is the source of most of my information about neoliberalism, along with Paul Tsongas's uninspiring book, The Road from Here (1981), which was intended to serve as the movement's manifesto.

The idea of the "new class" can be traced, in its progressive version, in the writings of exponents like Walter Lippmann, Preface to Politics (1914) and Drift and Mastery (1914); Thorstein Veblen, The Engineers and the Price System (1921); Adolph A. Berle and Gardiner C. Means, The Modern Corporation and Private Property (1932); George Soule, The ComingAmerican Revolution (1934); John Kenneth Galbraith, The New Industrial State (1967); and David Bazelon, Power in America: The Politics of the New Class (1967). Historical accounts of this tradition include Robert Westbrook, "Tribune of the Technostructure: The Popular Economics of Stuart Chase," American Quarterly 32 (1980): 387-408; Jean-Christophe Agnew, "A Touch of Class," Democracy 3 (spring 1983): 59-72; and Barbara Ehrenreich and John Ehrenreich, "The Professional-Managerial Class," in Pat Walker, ed., Between Labor and Capital (1979). Emile Durkheim, Socialism and Saint-Simon (1928), remains the best exploration of the antecedents of this tradition; see also Frank Manuel, The New World of Henri Saint-Simon (1956).

A more critical view of the technical and managerial elite appears in James Burnham, The Managerial Revolution (1941); Peter Mayer, "The Soviet Union: A Class Society," Politics (March-April 1944): 48-55, 81-85; Milovan Djilas, The New Class (1957); Radovan Richta, Civilization at the Crossroads: Social and Human Implications of the Scientific and Technological Revolution (1967); Serge Mallet, "Bureaucracy and Technocracy in Socialist Countries," Socialist Revolution (May-June 1970): 44‐ 75; Anthony Giddens, The Class Structure of Advanced Societies (1973); and George Konrad and Ivan Szelenyi, The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power (1979).

Criticism of the revolutionary intelligentsia and its dream of power, and more recently of the "adversary culture"—the third tradition of speculation about the new class—begins with Burke and Tocqueville and continues with Julien Benda, The Betrayal of the Intellectuals (1927); Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (1942); Raymond Aron, The Opium of the Intellectuals (1955); Lewis Feuer, The Conflict of Generations: The Character and Significance of Student Movements (1969); and Lionel Trilling, Beyond Culture (1965). George B. deHuszar, ed., The Intellectuals: A Controversial Portrait (1960), contains many examples of this kind of criticism. Peter Steinfels offers a brief analysis of the "counter-intellectual tradition," as he calls it, in The Neoconservatives (1979), as does Richard Gillam, "Intellectuals and Power," Center Magazine 10 (May-June 1977): 15-29.

On the new class in conservative and neoconservative thought, see William F. Buckley, Jr., "The Colossal Flunk: How Our Professors Have Betrayed the American People," American Mercury 74 (March 1952): 29-37; Will Herberg, "Alienation, 'Dissent,' and the Intellectual," National Review, 30 July 1968, 738-39; Gerhart Niemeyer, "The Homesickness of the New Left," National Review, 28 July I970, 779-800; Jeffrey Hart, "Secession of the Intellectuals," National Review, I Dec. I970, 1278-82; William A. Rusher, "The New Elite Must Be Curbed," Conservative

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